追逐珊瑚

佛罗里达的珊瑚已经死了一半了，很难找到麋角珊瑚。主角从事广告业十年，然后进入海洋生物学，追逐一种五彩斑斓的海龙。盖茨女士解释，珊瑚就是由数千个珊瑚虫组接在一起的生物。在萨摩亚的机场珊瑚礁，有大量白化了。既不是光害，也不是污染导致的，而是海温度上升2℃就会这样。白化以后就会变成毛茸茸的，那就开始死亡了。他找到冰川的消失的导演，说，如果记录到珊瑚的死亡过程，就能让大众警醒，但是他们需要做一个带有雨刷器的摄影机，做延时摄影。技术人员是个珊瑚迷，他说和水母一样，珊瑚几乎是永生的。1998年是第一次全球性的珊瑚白化，2010年就遭遇了第二次，现在只过了五年又一次。乔安娜博士说，早上和下午是珊瑚礁的交通时间，鱼儿晚上就待在珊瑚礁里，然后会一起游出去进食，所以那是繁忙的地方。当太阳升起，它们和鸟儿一样会有早晨合唱的声音。你仔细听，会听到呜呜的声音，会听到不同动物的呼噜声和哼哼的声音，完全不是寂静的世界，其实非常嘈杂。有非常奇怪的伙伴关系，热带海曼会跟石斑鱼一起打猎，并分享食物。鹦哥鱼专门吃珊瑚，然后拉出沙子，所以我们走过珊瑚基本上都是走过它的粪便。25%的生物都依赖珊瑚礁，有5到10亿人都仰赖珊瑚礁，当作主要食物来源。没有这些蛋白质，他们会缺乏营养，他们的文化生活方式，都仰赖于健康的珊瑚礁。很多药物来自于海洋，比如说前列腺素就来自于海扇，可以抗癌，苔藓虫素也是，来自珊瑚根茎。他们是最佳的防波堤，因为他们时刻都在自我生长和重建。

第一次回收上来的摄影机，都失焦了，画面不能用。飞机去大堡礁。很多芙蓉博士的科教片。温室气体导致地球散热性差，而93%的热量都去了海洋，否则地球温度将达到50℃，人类没办法居住。他们决定在卡佩尔岛等五六十个点，用手动每天来进行延时摄影，这是一个非常艰苦的工作。他们发现，珊瑚开始是释出遮光剂来保护自己受到高温伤害，产生出荧光。拜访珊瑚大师芙蓉，老年的他已经很淡定了。在国际会议上放出的最后的延时录像，就是全片的顶峰。2006年，大堡礁的珊瑚就死了29%。召唤全世界的潜水员进行记录，结果真是惨不忍睹。最后非要来一个恶俗的乐观主义。

昨天刚收到的National Geographic的5月刊正好是海洋主题，今天就想看一部相关主题的影片，于是便找到这部关于海洋生物珊瑚的纪录片。

水下的世界真的令人大开眼界，其实关于海洋这个孕育生命的地方，人们了解和知道的实在是相对很少。其中项目的发起人更是提及，关于海洋最大的问题其实是“it is completely out of sight and out of mind”。我们并不能看见海洋此刻正在发生的问题，于是便从来也不会想到其中的利害，从而改变自己的生活方式以求降低对自然环境的伤害。此理也可以推及很多其他的领域，这就是为什么对于环境保护方面的宣传至关重要的原因，人们需要将目光延伸到很多我们日常生活中留意不到的地方。

看着珊瑚的生命在短时间内一点点地逝去，让人忍不住泪目之余，还有深深的震撼——看到珊瑚在濒死之际发出荧光的绚丽色彩，这无比绚烂之美就像是生命最后的呐喊一般，告诉人们“I AM DYING! PLEASE NOTICE!”

可能随着社会的高速发展，人类变得越来越自大，以及忘记了对自然的敬畏感。在这个钢筋水泥筑成的世界里，我们只看得到自己的生活里的快乐和烦恼。影片最后以一直刚出生的小海龟，努力地穿过沙滩，最终回归海洋的场景，定格到这么一句话：“This film is dedicated to all young people who can and will make a difference.” 相信这个世界上的一切都是有关联的，即便我现在没办法像世界各地的那些divers那样，去记录下正在死去的珊瑚，去更大地扩大这件事的影响力，但我还是可以一些力所能及的事。

遵循3R——reduce, reuse, recycle、节约用电用水、减少使用塑料制品、用nontoxic的化学剂、购买有机产品、还有要多留意护肤产品的成分表，我就曾经发现一个主打绿色环保的护肤品品牌的卸妆膏里居然含有微塑料、以及不要使用含有对海洋生物有害的成分的防晒霜（标有reef-safe/ reef-friendly）、尽量不要购买快时尚的服装、减少不必要的消费、去尝试更简单更eco-friendly的生活方式......

我不知道别人是怎么样的，每当我有负面情绪时，我就会想想这个世界、自然和宇宙，瞬间就觉得自己的烦恼微不足道了。希望有越来越多的人能认清人类的渺小，并为了生命的延续而做出自己的努力。

对海洋生物有不良影响的防晒霜成分，以及它们会对海洋生物造成的伤害

Education is a key tool for development and progress of human society. With the rapid progress of our society, technologies and social systems have developed as well. Education, as the most important part of human development, should live up to the requirements of present development. To this end, the requirements of present development need to be first stated briefly. After a science and technology boost in the 20th century, increasing industrial activities resulted in serious environmental problems. To combat these problems, sustainable development was introduced, which is the requirement of present development. It should be noted that the concept of sustainable development is evolving incessantly. Today, not only the environment but also other issues such as poverty and equality are included in the concept of sustainable development [1]. Therefore, for equipping people with skills and thinking of sustainable development, the new and adjusted education for sustainable development, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) was proposed by UN and gain a lot of importance. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) and Global Action Program on Education for Sustainable Development were carried out to accelerate the progress of ESD. In these two actions, the content of ESD was enriched with many detailed goals and feasible approaches. Under the guidance of the two actions, driven by intrinsic need of sustainability, many countries have developed their own framework of education for sustainable development. Different technologies and advanced concepts of education are applied to impart the knowledge of sustainable development to students and strengthen their skills, critical thinking and systemic thinking regarding sustainable development. With the work done by governments and UN, great progress has been made of ESD [2,3 4].

As narrated above, great work has been done with ESD, including complement of the content of education, specific goals and applying new technologies. However, one element dose not get enough attention and that is the motivation of people who receive the education for sustainable development. With motivation, people would set their goals and pursue their goals with strong impetus. From a perspective of educational psychology, generating learning motivation is indispensable and it has high priority in practical education [5]. With high internal motivation of educatees, remarkable outcomes of education could be attained. The creativity and cognitive flexibility of educatees would be greatly improved [6] and these two traits are exactly required by ESD.

Integrating documentary into ESD as a potential creative approach to make up for the deficiency mentioned above is proposed in this essay. One example of documentary and some other advantages of documentary for ESD are discussed. Extending from the documentary that includes engineers and scientists, the role of them and industry in documentary and ESD is also discussed.

Documentaries as a form of video could contain text, graphics, animation and sound, all of which are the elements of multimedia. Multimedia teaching has been proved to be a very effective way of teaching. It helps stimulate students' interest and make students more active in class [7]. Therefore, documentary as one method of multimedia teaching is also able to have the same advantages mentioned before. But further properties should be discussed. Documentaries are not the videos that are usually seen on the class using animation to expound complex theories, but it is also a form of art and commercial products to tell the truth. As commercial products, it has very large audience. Everyone can see it in the cinemas, which means everyone can be the educatees. Documentary tells audience what happens in the real world in an artistic way. Most documentaries would not try to exaggerate the facts to attract people. Instead, different art technics are used to help give more powerful expressions combining with esthetic shots and matched background music, documentary is able to impress audience profoundly. In this way, people are more likely to recognize the facts and reflect more after the documentary [8].

Because of the diversity of documentary, many issues can be displayed and discussed in documentaries. All types of issues relevant to sustainable development are covered in documentaries that have been produced. For example, these three very recent documentaries, “Ruth Bader Ginsburg”, “Chasing Coral” and “Of Fathers and Sons” respectively correspond to equality, environment and education. They provide unique and profound perspectives that audience would not expect, but they are all based on facts and do reveal the issues of sustainability that should get more public attention. More discussion of “Chasing Coral” as an example would be conducted to show some good characteristics which enable this documentary fit into ESD.

Chasing Coral as a documentary records the rapidly bleaching and dying coral due to the rising temperature of ocean, see figure 1. This figure shows rising temperature clearly. When it comes to global warming, much attention is paid to the melting glaciers and rising sea levels. It is a rare and potent angle of looking into global warming. Coral form colorful sea worlds. As the famous Great Barrier Reef , It is very beautiful. However, few people know that it is being killed by global warming. Disappearance of such beautiful thing and novel perspective are able to strongly impress people.

Figure 1. Sea surface temperature anomaly

Global warming is still having an impact where we cannot see it and this is coral. In the documentary, scientists and engineers from various disciplines were invited to give analysis and prediction of coral spreading all over the world according to ocean currents and ocean water temperature warming. Some prediction is given by text, see figure 2. In this way, the predicted results could be impressing.

Figure 2. Prediction from scientists and engineers

Coral is very sensitive to the temperature rising, which would result in a great threaten on the living of coral. The famous Great Barrier Reef will probably have more extensive coral bleaching over the next few years and then die. Currently, 29% of the Coral Great Barrier Reef has died. What is more, coral is a fundamental part of a huge ecosystem and it is, in a way, just like the trees in a forest. Therefore, with coral disappearing, all other animals are also disappearing little by little in our marine ecosystems. Many contrasts are given in this documentary leaving very deep impression to audience.

Figure 3. Contrast of living and dead coral

Figure 4. Contrast of living and dead coral

In summary, in this documentary, starting from a rare perspective of dying coral, combing with scientific research process, showing scientific and rigorous graphics, texts and data, with beautiful sights into the coral, this documentary touches the audience and the audience feels encouraged to think about what they can do about this issues of the dying coral.

The role of scientists and engineers was emphasized in the documentary, see figure 5. They provide rigorous scientific evidence to support the facts and help explain the complex ecological processes in an acceptable way by the public. The participation of these people helps publics understand this documentary better.

Figure 5. Some scientists and engineers involved

Engineers also solve some technical problems, for example, setting a camera in the sea water to help shooting of this documentary.

Figure 6. A camera in the sea water

For this kind of documentary, the target group is not only students but all of society. As one type of commercial movie, it has been shown in the cinemas. Even in some undeveloped regions, open-air cinemas of low cost could be applied to play documentaries to realize this kind of public education. Combined with commercial activities, the film could be advertised widely to the public. Therefore, documentary could reach a large variety of people. Promoting sustainable development widely is exactly desired by ESD. Everyone could contribute to the sustainability of development, if they aware of the issues and motivated to be involved.

However, in a very long term, the youth are the people who can make a difference. They are motivated by the situation that should be changed and then build up their great ideals. They are receiving more advanced education for sustainable development. In the future, they are able to do some great work that makes great differences for sustainability. This is also emphasized in this documentary by the text as following.

Figure 7&8. Young generation is emphasized

Enlightened by this documentary and one example in the following discussion, some suggestions about how scientists, engineers and industry should be involved in ESD are proposed.

As mentioned in section 2.3, the scientists and engineers are involved in making this documentary. This is one example how they can promote ESD. Moreover, in this documentary, they brought their research results to the publics by speeches or other public activities. Especially after they retire from the academic or industrial positions, they have more time and could be involved in more educational public activities. The career of Dr. Jan Goodall is a very good example. After spending 38 years on researching on chimpanzees in the wildlife, she traveled around the world, calling on people to protect wild animals and the earth's environment [9].

Scientists and engineers are the people who work at the forefront of sustainable development. They understand clearly what terrible things are happening. Precious experience and knowledge are built up on their minds. They do have ability to make publics aware of the sustainable issues and encourage them to get involved in sustainable development.

Engineers from industry represent the industry. Industry should participate in some educational public activities as well, such as making this kind of documentary mentioned before. However, if some documentaries tell the false information because of interest, scientists and engineers should stand out to against them. Industry should input sustainable ideas into their products by producing sustainable products in a sustainable way and tell customers how their products are sustainable. With their product sold to publics, by advertising their sustainable producing processes, the sustainable ideas could be prompted.

Documentary can be integrated in ESD. Not only in the classroom teaching, but it also can be widely shown in cinemas. It can make people aware of this issue and give people internal motivation to get themselves involved in this global issue of sustainable development. The young generation should be the main targets of those educational documentaries and also ESD. Because they will be equipped by advanced education to make a difference in the future. Scientists, engineers and industry can participate in different public educational activities for sustainable development. Scientists and engineers can still make huge contributions after they retire by getting involved in more educational activities for sustainable development, if they are willing and energetic enough.

Reference

1. United Nations. “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018.” (2018).

2. UNESCO. “Education for Sustainable Development Goals.” (2017).

3. Uspartnership.org., U.S. Partnership. URL: //uspartnership.org/

4. Dieter Appelt., et al. “Global Development Education: A Cross-Curricular Framework in the Context of Education for Sustainable Development.” (2017).

5. Slavin, Robert E., and Nicola Davis. "Educational psychology: Theory and practice." (2006).

6. Deci, Edward L., et al. "Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective." Educational psychologist 26.3-4 (1991): 325-346.

7. Joshi, Ashvini. "Multimedia: A Technique in teaching process in the classrooms." Current world environment 7.1 (2012): 33-36.

8. Nichols, Bill. Introduction to documentary. Indiana University Press, 2017.

9. Peterson, Dale. Jane Goodall: The woman who redefined man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

“珊瑚发出荧光，它们产生化学遮光剂，保护自己免受高温伤害……这是大自然最美丽的转变，是美到不可思议的死亡阶段……仿佛是珊瑚在说，”看着我，拜托注意我……”

看到这儿，眼泪怎么也止不住。大片大片色彩斑斓绚丽的珊瑚在白化前绽放出异样的光彩，似乎要努力把最美的样子留下，然后再死去……这样悲壮的时刻在今晚彻底撼动了我的心灵。

临死前的绚烂一瞥

片子从一开始就很吸引人的注意，一个风趣开朗的珊瑚学家兴致勃勃地向镜头介绍什么是珊瑚和珊瑚虫，配以大量绝美的珊瑚礁照片（btw似乎竟然治好了我的密集恐惧症），我认认真真记了好多笔记。“别管外表的复杂程度，我们走精致沉默的路线。”——喂，明明你们外表也很光彩夺目好不好！

……真的治愈了我的密恐

油画都调不出这么丰富的色彩

渐渐了解到，珊瑚礁就像一个复杂的多样性的城市生命体，它在自给自足（体内的植物光合作用使其拥有自己的“食品加工厂）的同时大方地接纳了那么多形态种类各异的生命跻身于其中，一片繁荣，多么美好的大家庭啊！并且，它的重要性足以成为整个海洋乃至地球生态系统的基础，动物繁殖，人类食物来源，甚至影响到人类的文化生活经济方式，药物，防波堤……海洋没了珊瑚，就像陆地失去了森林。

扎克小哥刚现身的时候，只是一个看起来有点呆萌的设备技术员，没想到他才是全片的灵魂人物……他向镜头展示了自己家的水族箱，全是珊瑚，甚至没有鱼类……原来他是一个狂热的珊瑚迷（coral nerd）。他介绍了各种各样的珊瑚种类，他说，只要环境控制好，珊瑚没有寿命，可以一直存活在去……他痴迷认真的讲述珊瑚的样子，还有为了不让数据线断掉一个翻身扎进海里徒留一顶草帽挂在船边的样子……真是又可爱又酷毙了。

扎克和他的宝藏

帽子：我是谁我在哪？？？

从小就喜欢研究奇奇怪怪的东西hhh

随着篇幅的展开，扎克的团队开始研究在海底架设延时摄影机，以期拍下珊瑚最大的生存危机——白化的过程。调子开始沉重起来，设备进水，镜头失焦导致两个月白拍，亲眼看着珊瑚群在身边死去，扎克手里捧着覆满海藻灰的珊瑚尸体，“这是我最艰难的潜水体验”——扎克在海底的笔记本无声抗议着。会议上，扎克展示着他们千辛万苦手持延迟摄影拍下的图片，上几张还是灵动绚烂的珊瑚礁，下几张就是一片死气沉沉的“坟墓”……所有人脸上的笑容随着珊瑚接二连三的白化逐渐隐去，震惊，焦灼，伤心刺痛混杂在心头，眼泪不停地掉，尽管隔着屏幕，也仿佛亲身见证了那一场又一场巨大的死亡……

珊瑚白化的原因，也是让我对气候变化有了更切身体会的关键。原来，当我们在燃烧化石燃料时，二氧化碳会上升至大气层，因二氧化碳有困住热气的特性，所以大气层的二氧化碳越多，地球上就有越多的热能，“就像把多余的羊毛塞进毛衣里”。然而，93%被困住的热气，都进入了海洋。如果海洋不吸收这些热能，地表的平均温度就会达到50度，但海洋吸收了大量的热能，自身的温度调节就会失衡，海洋升高2度，珊瑚就会因无法适应高温而白化，死亡……换而言之，这个地球上的生命起源于海洋，海洋为了守护自己的孩子们，发烧了……好心疼啊，终于意识到了为什么有那么多人呼吁重视全球变暖的问题，其实就是要拯救我们所有生命有机体的母亲啊。

好像努力做点什么啊！这个世界如此美丽，却在毁灭的道路上越走越快，我们再不做点什么，真的来不及了……人类在智力上进化更快，就更应该有责任去守护我们的星球才对，能力越大，责任越大，而不是反其道而行，用无知的傲慢亲手毁掉自己的家园。

笨拙努力的小海龟，正向这个美丽的新世界打招呼呢。它的生命才刚刚开始，这个世界看起来多棒啊。

最后记两段泪目的话。

“我们需要森林吗？我们需要树木吗？我们需要珊瑚礁吗？还是说我们可以住在一片灰烬中？”

“我很庆幸自己已经不是你这个年纪了。当我看到大堡礁被破坏的时候，我做好了心理准备。它是我生命中…物质世界里最爱的东西。我潜水潜了45年，我绝对不会在年迈以前停止做这件事（豪爽地笑声），我会一直做下去。只要我还能影响人们，我就会去做。因为我们必须做，我们别无选择。你必须继续坚持，不然等你老了你不会喜欢自己。你会更喜欢自己，如果你可以说“我已试图扭转局势”，“也许我真的影响了人们”……别让任何事阻挡你。”——已经变老的查理·维隆，对沮丧的扎克如是说。那一刻，我想起了《海豚湾》里，把显示屏挂在脖子上冲进会场，站在街头迎接人流的理查德·奥巴瑞。

心怀大爱的人，永远纯真，永远充满勇气。

最近利用碎片时间看了这部纪录片，讲的是一群科学家和摄影师为了警醒世人，守卫他们心中的圣土还有地球的未来，历尽千辛万苦记录下了珊瑚白化（死亡）的过程。画面上我们看到了可怕的一幕：由于碳排放量居高不下，全球变暖趋势日益严重，海洋环境已经面临严重威胁，小丑鱼们曾经生活的彩色天堂已经变成了坟墓……

最后用珊瑚纪录片之父的几句话勉励自己———

As long as I can influence people, I will. Because we have to. We've got no choice. Otherwise, you're not gonna like yourself when you're an old man. You'll think, you're gonna like yourself much more if you can say "well, I sure tried to turn that around. And maybe I did influence people here and there ."

跟雾霾相比，珊瑚离着人们城市生活太远了，远的都不足以被引起讨论。反正也看不见嘛。

然而珊瑚也在影响着天气变化，气候变迁，氧气含量。珊瑚礁还是人类吃的海鲜的生命来源，是五亿多人的食物和收入。我们的文化，生活方式，经济都依赖于健康的珊瑚。

珊瑚礁产生的防浪堤比人类建造出来的防浪堤更能保卫我们免受海啸的侵袭。

你感受到的全球变暖，温度升高，已经是海洋吸收掉了93%的温度之后的感觉了，不然猜猜现在地表温度是多少？人类体温升高两度时间长了都是危及生命了，那珊瑚呢？

过去的30年间，这个星球已经死了50%的珊瑚。还有许多未知的，能为人类社会带来无穷福利的东西，还未被发现或许就已经消亡了。

如果放任全球持续变暖，我们将会失去这整个生态系统，如果我们现在连珊瑚都救不了，那么以后受到威胁的是森林呢？是氧气呢？或者是人类自己呢？

虽然人类是目前时代地球的霸主，但地球上的生物不止人类一种。

ps，我管不了别人，当下我能做的就是减少碳排，购物不使用塑料袋，往少算，就算我一个礼拜买东西会用3塑料袋，一年不也是省下了156个塑料袋吗？

下次潜水我不再纠结看什么种类的鱼了，我要将我所见范围的珊瑚力所能及的尽收眼底。还有一滴防晒霜能杀死一片珊瑚，再防水泡海里也会掉，真的怕晒伤就少泡一会好吗？让我们的孩子亲眼去看看珊瑚的瑰丽吧，不然可能25年后珊瑚就真的灭绝了。

这些是印度尼西亚，巴厘岛，图蓝本的珊瑚，再去的话他们可能就不是这个样子了。